Vision · Working Memory · Anticipation · Behavior

Sky landscape
Portrait of Giuliana Martinatti Giorjiani

Giuliana Martinatti Giorjiani

About Me

I am completing my PhD in Cognitive Neuroscience at the Ernst Strüngmann Institute of the Max Planck Society, in the Rademaker Lab, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. My research combines psychophysics, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), eye tracking, and computational modelling to investigate how the brain represents and maintains visual information in memory, predicts the future states of the world, and supports adaptive behavior when sensory information is noisy or absent.

Before starting my PhD, I graduated with dual degrees in Science & Technology and Neuroscience from the Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil, where I later completed a Master's degree in Neuroscience and Cognition with Prof. Marcelo Salvador Caetano and Prof. Claudinei Biazoli Jr. in the Timing and Cognition Lab. Before moving to Germany, I worked as a research assistant with Dr. Joana Balardin at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil, and Prof. Jorge Almeida at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. During this time, I contributed to research on visual object recognition, stress-induced changes in brain function, motor development in young children, and the effects of physical exercise on functional connectivity during healthy aging.

Outside the lab, I am usually trying to fly airplanes, cycling, playing the drums, or scuba diving. Whatever I am doing, I am driven by the same curiosity that motivates my research: How does our brain allow us to perform complex tasks and interact with an ever-changing environment?

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Research

Our visual experience extends beyond what is immediately available to our eyes. We remember detailed information about what is no longer visible and anticipate what our surrounding environment is likely to look like next. By maintaining and predicting visual information, our brain supports adaptive interactions with a dynamic environment.

My research investigates the neural mechanisms that support these internal visual representations. Specifically, I ask how visual information is maintained in working memory and modulated by behavioral demands, transformed into predictions of future events, and ultimately used to guide behavior. To answer these questions, I combine psychophysics, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), eye tracking, and computational modelling.

Overview of research on visual memory and spatiotemporal prediction

01

Visual Working Memory

Could task requirements reshape the visual representations we hold in memory?

Visual working memory allows us to temporarily maintain information that is no longer available to the eyes. In this study, we asked whether recall requirements shapes how mnemonic information is represented in early visual cortex during recall. By separating the contributions of visual input, motor responses, and online monitoring, we found that memory-related information was strongest when remembered content matched concurrent sensory input. These findings suggest that visual working memory representations in early visual cortex are dynamically shaped by the demands of recall.

Visual working memory research figure

02

Spatiotemporal Prediction

How does the visual system keep track of moving objects when they temporarily disappear from view?

Tracking moving objects requires predicting where they are even when they temporarily disappear from view. In this study, we asked whether visual cortex continuously updates the location of an object as it moves behind an occluder. We found that object location was tracked throughout several seconds of occlusion, even when attention was directed elsewhere. Moreover, stronger representations in early visual cortex were associated with lower behavioral uncertainty, reflected in faster responses when estimating the object’s hidden location.

Spatiotemporal prediction research figure

03

Motion & Memory

How does the nature of a motion signal affect the precision with which it is remembered?

Remembering object speed is essential for interacting with moving objects, particularly when they temporarily disappear from view. In this study, we compared memory for speed using texture motion and object motion, which contains richer spatial information. Speed recall became less accurate as target speed increased, but performance was consistently better for object motion than for texture motion. These findings suggest that spatially coherent objects provide an advantage for short-term memory of speed.

Motion and visual memory research figure

04

Computational Models

What are the computational mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal prediction in the visual system?

Predicting the location of a moving object during occlusion requires maintaining information in the absence of sensory input. In this study, we asked which computational mechanisms might explain the increasing uncertainty that arises as an object remains hidden. We compared feedforward, recurrent, and feedback neural network architectures and found that the recurrent model most closely reproduced the temporal decay observed in human behavior. These findings suggest that local recurrent processing may help sustain spatiotemporal predictions across perceptual gaps.

Computational modelling research figure

Publications

Peer-reviewed Publications

Giorjiani, G. M., Rawal, A., & Rademaker, R. L. (2026) Better performance when recalling speed from object motion compared to texture motion. Journal of Vision. DOI

Serriere, L., Argiris, G., Gomes, G., Giorjiani, G. M., Fredrik, B., Walbrin, J., & Almeida, J. (2026) Grasping at the organisation of object knowledge: testing different object-related dimensions as organisational principles of ventral temporal cortex. NeuroImage. DOI

Giorjiani, G. M., Biazoli Jr., C. E., & Caetano, M. S. (2021) Differences in perceived durations between plausible biological and non-biological stimuli. Experimental Brain Research, 239 , 161–173. DOI

Petraconi, N., Giorjiani, G. M., Saad, A. G. F., Scardovelli, A. T., Silva, S. G., & Balardin, J. B. (2019) Using a Dance Mat to Assess Inhibitory Control of Foot in Young Children. Frontiers in Physiology, 10:1302 DOI

Santaella, D. F., Balardin, J. B., Afonso, R. F., Giorjiani, G. M., Sato, J. R., Lacerda, S. S., Amaro Jr., E., Lazar, S., & Kozasa, E. H. (2019) Greater anteroposterior default mode network functional connectivity in long-term elderly yoga practitioners. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11:158 DOI

Preprints & Manuscripts in Preparation

Giorjiani, G. M., Tal, Z., Nili, H., Yanchao, B., Fang, F., & Almeida, J. (2022) The way of the light: how visual information reaches the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf adults. bioRxiv. Preprint

Giorjiani, G. M., & Rademaker, R. L. (In prep.) Recall requirements drastically modulate working memory representations in human visual cortex.

Giorjiani, G. M., Alo, N., & Rademaker, R. L. (In prep.) Occluded motion is continuously and automatically tracked in human visual cortex.

Giorjiani, G. M., & Rademaker, R. L. (In prep.) Human predictions of a target moving under occlusion are best explained by visual system recurrency.

Book Chapter

Nepomoceno, E. B., Giorjiani, G. M., Reyes, M. B., & Caetano, M. De olho no relógio: como percebemos a passagem do tempo? In R. R. Baradel, E. P. Neves, & M. T. Carthery-Goulart (Eds.), (2016) CuriosaMente (Vol. 1, pp. 47–65). Editora UFABC. Book page

Selected Talks & Posters

Featured Talk

Duration of occlusion effect is better explained by recurrent than feedforward and feedback computations

Vision Science Society, VSS 2025 · St. Petersburg, Florida, USA · Conference talk

Talks

2022

Motor Interference

ESI – Max Planck Institute retreat, Ringberg, Germany

Institute retreat

2024

Recall requirements drastically modulate working memory representations in human visual cortex

Distributed Cognition & Memory Lab, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Lab visit
Recall requirements drastically modulate working memory representations in human visual cortex

ECVP 2024, Aberdeen, Scotland

Conference talk
Motor Interference & Shooting Target

University College London, London, United Kingdom

Lab visit
Motor Interference

Space Lab, New York University, New York, United States

Lab visit

2025

Duration of occlusion effect is better explained by recurrent than feedforward and feedback computations

Vision Science Society, VSS 2025, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA

Conference talk Video →
Recall requirements drastically modulate working memory representation in human visual cortex

TeaP 2025, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

Conference talk

2026

Evidence for continuous tracking under occlusion in human visual cortex

PhD & PostDoc Seminars, ESI, Frankfurt, Germany

Seminar
Out of sight, not out of mind: Occluded motion is continuously and automatically tracked in human visual cortex

PuG 2026, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

Conference talk

Posters

2015

III Brazilian Meeting on Brain and Cognition

Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil

Poster

2016

I Simpósio do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição

Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil

Poster

2017

I International Symposium on Well-being: From Science to Life

São Paulo, Brazil

Poster Abstract →

2021

XV Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Psicologia Experimental

Lisboa, Portugal

Poster Abstract →

2023

Motor interference in visual working memory

Vision Science Society, VSS 2023, St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA

Poster Abstract →
NVP Dutch Society for Brain and Cognition Winter Conference

Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands

Poster Abstract →

2024

Recall requirements drastically modulate working memory representation in human visual cortex

Vision Science Society, VSS 2024, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA

Poster Abstract →

Science Beyond the Lab

A collection of side projects exploring vision science outside the traditional laboratory settings: from natural image datasets, to cockpit eye tracking, to playful MRI demonstrations.

Natural landscape dataset samples

Field Note 01

FiSH & CHiPs Dataset

Together with Amit Rawal, I was awarded the Tom Troscianko Grant to attend ECVP 2024, where we created an image dataset from landscapes photographed across Belgium, France, England, and Scotland.

Together with Naveen Balachandran, the dataset has been curated and preprocessed, and will shortly be made publicly available for the vision science community.

Eye-tracking recording inside the cockpit Eye-tracking recording inside the cockpit

Field Note 02

Visual Scanning in the Cockpit

While learning how to fly, I recorded my own eye movements in the cockpit using wearable eye tracking glasses (featured by Indivisual Lab ), capturing my erratic gaze patterns between flight instruments, the outside view, maps, and the runway.

Fruit scanned in a 3T MRI scanner Fruit scanned in a 3T MRI scanner

Field Note 03

MRI Meets the Grocery List

The hidden internal structures of different fruits and vegetables are revealed through some cool MRI scans.

Contact

Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience
Deutschordenstr. 46
60528 Frankfurt am Main
Germany